Apologies strategies used among American and Arabic speakers.

Apologies strategies used among American and Arabic speakers. literature review Apologies are generally explained as ways to remove misunderstanding and show respect between speakers in order to avoid embarrassing situations, or make reparations in daily communication. However, scholars have found that â€Å"apology† is defined differently dependent upon the cultures of the speaker and hearer. Finnegan (2012) and Holmes (1990) believe that apologies function as meaningful social acts that not only repair relationships, but also effectively convey feelings. On the other hand, Olshtain (2000) believed an apology is basically voluntary humiliation of the speaking individual, and Goffman (1967) said apologizing causes an individual to†¦show more content†¦1989). Olshtain Cohen (2000) also demonstrated an additional two strategies, and classified them into two categories: a denial of the need to apologize, and a denial of responsibility. Detemr (2000) further added an other strategy: postponing the apology. Owen, (1983) thought of an apology as a remedial move, therefore he offered three explicit types of apology: utterances that consist of the word â€Å"apologize† or its variations; utterances that carry the word â€Å"sorry†; and utterances that start with â€Å"I am afraid† followed by the sentence. Scholars concentrate on different cultures because each cultures strategy of apologizing, and language being used, is different. Also, many researchers conducted research on apology strategies in different languages, taking many variables into account such as: politeness strategies used, how cultural values affected the recognition of an apology, gender, the factors that have an impact on in the choosing of a certain strategy, and the strategies used by native and non-native speakers of English. Olshtain (2000), made a comparison of the apology strategies use by the speakers of English, French, German, and Hebrew. She found a numerous similarities in choosing expressions of responsibility. Ultimately, she found that various languages will recognize apologies in similar ways. Additionally, Sugimoto (1997) compared the apology styles of 200 American (79 males and 121 females) and 181Show MoreRelatedQuestions On School And Institute3283 Words   |  14 Pagespragmatic competence (Kasper Schmidt, 1996). One of the major speech acts in maintaining pragmatic success is the speech act of compliment. When it comes to dealing with communication, speakers select the strategies that produce polite conversation. People employ compliment strategies in order to get their conversation run well and go smoothly. Brown and Levinson (1978) state that one identifies what people are performing in verbal exchange not so much by what they publicly claimRead MoreTEFL Assignment Answers23344 Words   |  94 Pagesï » ¿ Why is TTT (Teacher Talking Time) noted first among the potential problems to look out for in the list in section 1.2C? What are some ways you plan to avoid excessive TTT in your classroom when you are a ESL/EFL teacher? Provide specific strategies and examples. â€Å"Why is TTT noted first among the potential problems to look out for in the list in Section 1.2C?† Section 1.2 introduces the simple notion that, as Native English Speakers, we are accustomed to using the language—our students, on the